Explore the richly dramatic English Civil War, seeing stories of gunpowder, plague and…. Newark Market Place provides a focal point for the town. It hosts regular market days…. Please note that this venue will be closed from midnight on Friday 30 October due to the…. Open: Monday — Saturday 8.
This was the residence of the Governors of Newark during the sieges of the Civil War. Open from AM - dusk. Newark Castle and Gardens are lovely, formal gardens…. Park facilities Large area of public open grass and woodlands, including Devon…. One of the largest volunteer run aviation museums in the U. K, Newark Air Museum holds a…. Southwell Golf Club is renown for its welcoming and friendly atmosphere to both members…. The Museum of Timekeeping is home to a fascinating collection of clocks, watches and….
Southwell Racecourse offers a unique blend of charm, excitement and comfort, making it…. For example, many women were widowed or became single mothers following wars, so they turned to begging out on the streets and took on the profession of a healer to make money.
During this time period women were expected to be pious housewives that stayed at home taking care of their children instead of working outside the home. So when these widows turned to begging or becoming healers they faced criticism from both men and women in society who considered these women to be immoral, and as a result they were accused of witchcraft.
This lead many scholars to believe that the European Witch Hunts were not simply a religious movement but also an effort to maintain class and gender hierarchies in society. Many historians now argue that this social unrest led to accusations of witchcraft against these women for two reasons: they had become independent and taken on professions traditionally believed to be only male occupations; and they were challenging the gender roles of what it meant to be a woman in society.
It is estimated that between 40, and , people were executed for witchcraft during this time, making them far more gruesome than the Salem Witch Trials.
Specific towns would have higher rates of witchcraft executions than others, and these townships tended to be in the Christian regions that were more likely to adhere to church laws. One such example was Trier, a town located on the border between Germany and Luxembourg with an execution rate peaking at over people per year! Another superstition about witches was that they could create hailstorms during harvest time to destroy farms- this is because hail is made from ice droplets which fall upon plants in order to choke them out with frost.
They quite literally had to take the word of their superiors as the truth. The people who were accused of witchcraft in Europe during the 16th century could be any woman, man or child. The truth was that a witch hunt often starts with an accusation from someone out of anger, jealousy or vengeance- not because there had been any evidence for their guilt.
Usually this would lead to these accusations being brushed off and ignored, but if the accusation had been made by an influential person in the town then it could have led to a witch hunt. One famous example that demonstrates this is when two women were found guilty of witchcraft and burned alive in the small town of Wiesensteig, Germany. This was just one example that demonstrates the belief system during this time period. Another famous case is when a female healer named Anne Green also known as Mother Ann Lee was convicted for being a witch after she preached to her followers about equality.
Of course, you were more likely to be accused if any of these actions were directed at someone influential. Generally, the more influence your accuser had, the more likely you were to be convicted.
The European witch trials were officially over by , but this legacy has survived in popular culture for centuries afterward. The idea of the witch who flies through the night on her broomstick is still frightening to many. We are actually surrounded by the superstitions of the European witch hunts, whether we know it or not.
It was disastrous for Darrell, whose exposure as a charlatan meant an end to his days of battling the Devil. He was imprisoned in disgrace, and died just two years after his release in The book written about his fall from grace, A Declaration of Egregious Popish Impostures , was widely distributed, and even read by Shakespeare, influencing elements of King Lear.
The Earl and Countess of Rutland had needed additional staff owing to an expected visit from King James I who himself was obsessed with witchcraft, and even published his own book on the subject and Margaret and Phillipa Flower, along with their mother Joan, had gladly accepted the opportunity for work.
Soon after dismissing the three new staff members, things started to go wrong for the Earl and Countess of Rutland. First, they became seriously ill with convulsions. Next, their son and heir, Henry, died and their two younger children, Francis and Katherine became similarly ill. It was after Francis died shortly after, leaving the Duke without a male heir, that the Flowers were arrested.
Nine women had recently been hanged in Leicester for having bewitched a young boy in a case that bore a striking resemblance to the Rutland's own misfortune. During their interrogation, Joan professed her innocence. But during the journey to Lincoln, where she was to be jailed and interrogated further, she requested a piece of bread to act as a substitute for the Eucharist.
Despite not being a church-goer, her captors obliged and, so the legend goes, Joan exclaimed that something so blessed could never be consumed by a witch, before choking to death on her first bite. With their mother dead, Phillipa and Margaret were left to face interrogation on their own.
Both were found guilty, and hanged in Lincoln, although it has been said that Phillipa managed to either drug or bewitch her guard and escape, where she lived the rest of her days in Kent. In , historian Tracey Borman put forward a theory that the Flowers had actually been the victims of an elaborate plot manifested by George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham, a favourite of King James I.
The theory put forward suggests that he had the sons poisoned, which could also explain why other members of the family also became ill, and used the presence of the notorious Flowers women as a smokescreen.
After all three women had been executed, Villiers did in fact marry Katherine. The reason men like Villiers were able to so easily demonise the Flowers, or any number of other women whose names are lost to history, but whose pain and suffering was real, is explained by how widespread the fear of witches was in England.
Marks found at the prehistoric caves at Creswell Crags in North Nottinghamshire, previously thought to be graffiti, are now considered to be the work of local residents who feared that the caves acted as a gateway to Hell. The etchings were an apparent attempt to prevent witches, bad spirits and even the Devil himself from emerging.
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